Multi-facet characterization of potentially habitable worlds with future telescopes

Understanding surface environments of potentially habitable worlds is one of the ultimate science goals of exoplanet observations. JWST is advancing this effort by looking for molecular bands in transmission spectra of small planets around late-type stars, while future space-based missions would study planets around Solar-type stars through direct-imaging. Next-generation ground-based telescopes are expected to be another significant workhorse. I will discuss different methods to observe temperate rocky planets in terms of detectable features and the targets where we could search for them. While a focus will be on the prospects to constrain the presence of surface liquid water, I will also explore the photometric and spectroscopic diagnostics of the diversified desiccated worlds as seen on solar system rocky planets, and how the combination of signatures could eventually point to a consistent scenario of individual rocky planets.