Climates of potentially habitable terrestrial planets

More than 5,000 exoplanets have been discovered to date, including many terrestrial planet candidates. Understanding whether these worlds can sustain habitable environments has become a central challenge at the intersection of astronomy, planetary science, physics, and biology. Traditionally, habitability has been discussed using the concept of the habitable zone, where liquid water can be maintained on a planetary surface. Recent advances in three-dimensional climate modeling have revealed that atmospheric circulation, clouds, oceans, and surface conditions play critical roles in shaping planetary climates, particularly for tidally locked terrestrial planets around M-dwarf stars. As future observations begin to probe these environments directly, a quantitative understanding of the individual components of planetary climate systems is becoming increasingly important. In this presentation, I will review recent progress in habitable climate research and discuss key challenges and future directions in the study of exoplanet climates and habitability.